This is a mobile version, full one is here.
Yegor Bugayenko
19 March 2019
Logging Without a Static Logger
How do you organize logging in your applications? I mean web applications
or command line apps, or even mobile apps. I bet you have some global
variable or a singleton, known as Logger
, which has a few methods
like info()
, error()
, and debug()
. You configure it when the app
starts, or it configures itself via something like log4j.properties
,
and logs everything to the console or a file, or even a database. I was
doing exactly that, or something very similar,
for many years, until I finally realized how wrong
this approach was. In one of my recent Ruby applications I did it all
differently, and since then I’m much happier than I was before.
Well, if your application is simple and has almost no unit or integration tests, you will be doing just fine with a static logger, which in essence is a global variable. However, as we discussed before, global variables are evil. What can go wrong if we use a static logger? Or, in other words, as one of my friends used to say, what exactly is the problem we are going to solve? Basically, there are two problems:
-
First, with a single global logger you will have a hard time writing a unit test to check whether your app is actually logging things correctly. Even if you intercept the log stream, there will be a lot of noise, coming from other threads and other tests. It’s not an unsolvable problem, but its solution adds complexity to your tests.
-
Second, when you decide to show a selected part of the log to your end-user, you will have to do a lot of coding just in order to separate what belongs to the user and what does not, especially in a multi-threaded environment. You’re lucky if it’s Java and you have thread groups, but in Ruby, for example, there is no such thing and you will have to find some workaround.
To overcome them both, in Zold,
a Ruby command line application, I decided to pass log
as a variable
to all classes that need any logging. In Ruby it’s easier than in Java,
because they have optional
parameters. Look at this class,
for example (it’s a simplified version, of course):
class Zold::List
def initialize(wallets:, log: Log::NULL)
@wallets = wallets
@log = log
end
def run
@wallets.all.sort.each do |id|
@wallets.acq(id) do |wallet|
@log.info("#{id}: #{wallet.balance}")
end
end
end
end
This class is supposed to list all wallets in the current directory and print their balances to the log, which in some cases will be the console. However, when this class is called from a web application, the destination of the print is a temporary file, which is later rendered on the web page. In unit tests it can be something else, which has to capture everything that is sent to the log and then delivered to the unit test.
As you see, the default value of the log
is Log::NULL
, which is the
constant I had to define myself, as a default logger, which doesn’t log
anything anywhere. By default, this class will log nothing. It will quietly
check all the balances of all the wallets and print nothing. Well, it will print,
but nobody will see that.
In a unit test I create an object with a few methods like debug()
, info()
,
etc. and pass it to the instance of class Zold::List
, which I’m testing.
In other words, it’s a fake/mock version of the logger, which I use to
capture everything that Zold::List
sends out. Then I can check what’s there.
Am I saying obvious things here? If so, why do we still have static loggers everywhere in Java, Ruby, PHP, C#, etc? Anyway, I recommend you use an injectable logging dependency instead.
And yeah, by the way, I’m sure you noticed the change in the name. It’s not
a logger
anymore, it’s log
. I’m sure you know
why.
How do you log a message from an object of class Book? #elegantobjects
— Yegor Bugayenko (@yegor256) April 28, 2019