# Speaker Cheat Sheet

Source: https://www.yegor256.com/2018/12/25/speaker-cheat-sheet.html

I speak at [software conferences]({% pst 2016/nov/2016-11-18-software-conferences-to-attend %})
regularly. Over the last three years I
spoke in 30 cities and 10 countries. I recorded ~~almost~~ all of them, you can
see them [here](/talks.html) and on my
[YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/c/yegor256?sub_confirmation=1).
My principal rule is that I never give the same speech more
than once. Every time it's a new deck of slides and a new flow of thoughts.
Of course, they all dance around the ideas I preach about, like
[Elegant Objects](/elegant-objects.html) or rebellion against office slavery.
I guess it's time to share some of my secrets, mostly learned the hard way.


{% jb_picture_body %}

**Demand a Larger Room**.
You know what's funny---the smaller the room, the more difficult is
the talk. The easiest talks I've had were done in front of 400+ people. The
most difficult ones had about ten people. That's why I try to insist, when
I can, that my talk should be in the main room with more seats. How so? Read on.

**Take a Morning Slot**.
I'm not sure there is a rule for this, but my experience tells me that
the best speakers usually open an event and quit before lunch. If your slot
is somewhere closer to the end, make up a fake reason, like a booked flight,
and ask organizers to move you to an earlier time. The best slot is right
after the first one, when everybody is already awake but not too hungry and
still on the premises.

**Bring Friends**.
It's way easier for me when there are some people in the room whom I know and who
will support me no matter how bad my talk is. It's even easier when they
are being loud. The key trait of a good speaker is knowing how to break
the wall between the stage and the room. The presence of friends helps.
Sometimes I don't have any friends with me, when the place is new and I've
just arrived. I try to make a few, right before the talk, while checking-in
and walking around. Then I invite them to my talk. Most of them don't really
care where they go and easily agree. For them, having a friend on the stage
is an honor. So it's win-win.

**10/20/30 Rule**.
Ever heard about [this rule](https://guykawasaki.com/the_102030_rule/) from Guy Kawasaki?
The gist is that your presentation should not include more than ten slides,
should not last for longer than twenty minutes, and that thirty points is the smallest font
you can use. Don't take it literally, but it does make a lot of sense.

**Bring No Slides**.
The best presenter uses no slides at all. The worst ones will have 200+
for a 30 minute talk. Where are you on this scale? You have to tell a story,
or maybe three, like [Steve Jobs did](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1R-jKKp3NA).
Imagine yourself talking to me
over a cafe table. Would you show me slides? I doubt it. You would just speak and hope
I understand you. Do the same on the stage. Of course, you might have some visual data,
just like you would use a napkin at the cafe. But that's all. Your slides have
to support your talk, instead of being its replacement. I strongly recommend
you read these two great books:
[_slide:ology: The Art and Science of Presentation Design_](https://amzn.to/2zw09nx) by Nancy Duarte
and
[_Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery_](https://amzn.to/2PeHth9) by Garr Reynolds.

**Stay Cool ... Not**.
Be brave. Stay strong. Look them in the eye. Smile. Relax. Everything will be fine! ...
Don't listen to this nonsense. It doesn't work that way. I always feel scared. And I
always think to myself right before the talk---maybe I should hide somewhere in the
bathroom, they won't find me and will quietly cancel the talk. You have to
feel something similar. If you don't, there is something wrong with you.
But what should you do with that fear? Embrace it. Just like you do when watching a horror movie.
Enjoy seeing yourself wetting your pants. Look at yourself from the outside. I often
say to myself: "Let's see how you can survive the next 45 minutes, dude."

**Make Friends**.
My experience tells me that only about one out of every 20 people in the room are really
listening to what I'm saying and are capable of understanding. The rest of them
are just a crowd. So, when there are 200 people in the room, only ten of them
are my real audience. It's important to find them as soon as possible and keep
talking to them, looking them right in the eye. Ignore everybody else.
Oh, and by the way, if you have to speak in front of 10 people, you are screwed.
Because, according to the "1 out of 20" formula, most likely there will be nobody interested
in what you are saying.

**Make Enemies**.
The most interesting discussion is a scandal. Well, the most entertaining one.
To have a scandal you need a conflict, between you and your audience. Well, not
the entire room, but a small part of it. You are not that strong, I suppose,
just yet, to have the entire room against you. Although, that would be the
best speaking experience in your life. However, a few enemies will show up if you
say something that contradicts the _status quo_. Once you say it (and you should)
someone will disagree and shout out. Don't try to calm them down. Instead,
be aggressive with something like "Thanks to people like you we still have Windows."
Success guaranteed.

**Structure It**.
You know, I almost never attend other people's talks. You know why? I very
quickly loose the train of thought and then just wait until the speaker finishes. I can
listen for the first five minutes, then something distracts me for a minute,
and I can never get back. The problem, I believe, is that speakers don't announce
the structure of their presentations and don't stay strictly attached to it
during the course of it. Here is what I'd suggest you do instead. When you start,
tell your listeners what the key idea is that you are going to deliver. Then, explain how you
are going to structure the next 45 minutes: What will go first, what next, how
you will end. Then, as you go, remind them about the structure from time to time, with something like:
"Hey, we are at the third principle, and there are seven of them in total. Stay
with me for another 15 minutes and we will be done."

**Intrigue**.
I'm not a master of it, but the principle is simple: don't give everything away at once.
Promise to give it out later instead. Something like: "This doesn't work, and I will
tell you why in a few minutes." They will stay interested while waiting for that,
and you will be able to feed them with something else. Also, if someone asks
a question in the middle of the talk, you might start answering it, then stop
and say: "I will touch on this problem in a few minutes." You get the idea: keep
them interested by not telling them everything right away.

**Ask Questions**.
My rule of thumb is that at least once every five minutes I have to ask my audience
a question. The easiest one is "Does this make sense so far?" or "Do you follow?"
A few examples of more complex ones:
"Have you ever heard about ...?"
"Who of you knows how this works?"
"Does this look similar to what you experience on your projects?",
and so on.
Why do you need to do that? To know their opinion? Not at all. You don't
care about their opinion. You just need to relax yourself. That's why your
questions should be as neutral as possible, expecting no specific or difficult-to-deal-with
answers. It's just an instrument to relieve the speaker and return
the attention and pressure back to the room, for a few seconds.

**Don't Rehearse**.
Well, maybe just once. But don't try to make your talk perfect. Nobody needs that. You are
not a [clown]({% pst 2016/may/2016-05-10-keynote-clowns %}),
not a professional actor, not a speaker on a payroll. You are a
software engineer with a unique opinion. We need your thoughts straight from
your heart and your real experience. Don't worry about being a bad speaker,
that doesn't matter much. Worry about the _consistency_ of your arguments. Don't try
to remember the exact words you will say or the jokes you will make---this
will only make you look fishy. Just make sure your arguments are strong
and deliver them just like you would if you were convincing a friend
standing next to you at the coffee machine.

**Don't Be Funny**.
Don't make funny slides and don't prepare jokes.
Those are [cheap]({% pst 2016/may/2016-05-10-keynote-clowns %})
techniques. Don't sell yourself that short. Stay serious about your content.
If there is a moment for a joke, make it, if you feel like it.
Otherwise, don't be like those [keynote clowns]({% pst 2016/may/2016-05-10-keynote-clowns %}).
You are not a showman out there to entertain them with a red nose. You are supposed
to entertain with your _provocative ideas_ and _unique thoughts_.

**Have Fun**.
You have to enjoy it. I know it's stressful, but you have to find a way to
relax and fool around a little bit. Sometimes I catch a sight of a smiling cute lady
in the eighth row and smile back. Sometimes the clicker doesn't work and I switch
slides [with my feet](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rip_04Bv3Jk). Sometimes
I just fool around.

{% quote If you know everything, you can't be trusted %}

**Be Humble**.
I believe that a really good speaker knows when to say "I don't know" (not too often though).
If you know everything, you can't be trusted. You have to demonstrate to them
that you are one of them, but a bit more advanced in one area. You are a programmer,
just like them, but you know a bit more about Java memory management. And you are
still learning and there is still a lot to learn. Now it's time to share your
learning experience with them. To _share_. Pay attention to this word. Not to
teach them, but to share what you know. When you say "I don't know this" we
trust you more, because we understand that you accurately estimate the limits
of your knowledge.

**Don't Be Shy**.
I totally forgot to touch on this key question: Why are you making the speech? There
can be many answers, but the best one and the most honest is: It is for self-promotion.
Use your first and last few minutes to tell them who you are and (what is more
important) what you want them to do. I didn't do this for many years;
I thought that a good speaker must be humble and stay focused on the content
instead of themselves. I was very wrong. Now I give them explicit instructions
on what I want from them: follow me on Twitter, subscribe to my Telegram channel,
sign up to Zerocracy, etc.

**Provoke Questions**.
You know how I know whether my talk was a success or a failure? I can tell by
the amount of questions I get. The more, the better. I've been lucky so far---even
my worst talks had a few questions at the end. My best ones though were
filled with them, starting from the 10th minute. That's what success is for me!
How can you do the same? Be provocative in your content and exaggerate.
Also, ask yourself before the talk where the points of concern are, and leave
many of them unexplained. Questions will show up.

<hr/>

You know, while I was working on this blog post, I did some research online
and found out that there are tons of books and articles about this subject. There
are hundreds of recommendations and my short list above is merely a few percent
of what people say about this, and of what I could actually say too.

Thus, I believe I will publish a book about this topic,
similar to the [_256 Bloghacks_](/256-bloghacks.html) I wrote a few years go.
Maybe I will call it _256 Speechhacks_.

Stay tuned!